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Dome Arcology If it's not against the
laws of physics, it can be done. Abstract Introduction Contrast
this with buildings. Has the amount of material, quality, cost, or time to
construct a single family home, apartment, or skyscraper significantly
changed in the last half century? What about emergency shelters for victims
of natural disasters or war? Can we deploy housing with adequate bathrooms
for 500,000 people two weeks? What about the one billion people who live in
slums today and the next billion that will join them in 20 years? Is it the
laws of physics that keep us from significantly improving the buildings we
make? Below
is an idea about a bare bones structure that that is intended to provide the
following minimal things: 1) a habitable area where all the necessities of
life may be performed; 2) a means to remove human waste from the household
and the immediately surrounding environment; 3) insulate the inhabitant from
extremes of heat and rain; 4) provide a floor and other surfaces that can be
cleaned and sterilized; 5) provide a housing unit with a stable location that
can be rented or owned in a reasonable fashion; 6) reduce the population
density of a given area. When
sketching this out I thought big. What if my building was only slightly
taller than the Great Pyramid of Giza (built ~2560 BCE)? But of course there is
no need to start this big, smaller units, even single family homes could be
first designed and mass produced. The
United Nations provides an operational definition of a slum (UN-Habitat
2003, Table 1.2), but for the purposes of this exercise I should like to
restate it in my own way. The
individual units that make up a slum are dwellings in which the environment
is so poorly modified that survival is at risk. These dangers may come
from the climate of the area, such as excessive heat, cold, drought,
flooding, etc.; they may be of a natural biological origin, such as rats, malaria,
yellow fever, etc.; or they may be human produced perturbations such as
chemical pollutants, feces, trash, overcrowding, grift, etc. Let's
check this (too?) simple definition and see if it holds out. Picture your
favorite slum. In your mind's eye change the climate, or fix the dwellings,
so that the indoor temperature hovers between 65-80F and there is plenty, but
not too much, water. Now, modify the dwellings and the area around them to
reduce or eliminate the pests and diseases found in the area, the snakes,
rats, ants, hookworm, malaria, etc. Finally, pull the pollution from the
water and soil, pick up the trash, flush the feces out of the ground and
water, move everyone apart just a little, and give everyone a lease. I submit
to you that your chosen slum is no more. There
are two basic ways to get rid of a slum: change the people so that they might
build or move to a better dwelling, or change the environment. Traditional
building practices and designs require so much material and labor, it's
difficult to imagine home construction proceeding fast enough to catch up
with fecundity even if plenty of money were made available. To put this
another way, even if all the slum dwellers in the world were educated, given
great jobs and each were given bonuses of a few hundred thousand dollars to
build a house or buy a condominium, it's difficult to imagine how those
houses would be built before their children were ready to look for a place of
their own. How
about the environment? While it is difficult to control the climate outright,
we can modify pockets of it with buildings. The purpose of a building is to change the environment; rebuff
the sun and rain, provide the means to get clean water, protect us from rats
and malaria, give us security, and deal with our many wastes. A building
might also provide luxuries such as a place to work, play, and learn. An
elegantly designed building, while protecting us from the harsher aspects of
nature, would not remove fresh air, sunlight, a sense of open spaces, or an
ability to view the surrounding landscape. A magnificently designed building
would require little upkeep, produce a significant amount of the energy it
uses, and even provide space for food production. Here is my sketch of a
building that is intended to provide the following minimal things: 1) a
habitable area all the necessities of life may be performed; 2) a means to
remove human waste from the household and the immediately surrounding
environment; 3) insulate the inhabitant from extremes of heat and rain; 4)
provide a floor and other surfaces that can be cleaned and sterilized; 5)
provide a housing unit with a stable location that can be rented or owned in
a reasonable fashion; 6) reduce the population density of a given area. The
resulting rough draft which included the above items had several interesting
emergent properties: 1) room for clinics, shops, schools, meeting rooms,
playgrounds, and gardens; 2) attachment points for water collection and solar
and wind energy production devices; 3) collection points for wastes (which
can be used for biogas); 4) predictability of structure so additions or
upgrades (such as clinics) may be manufactured elsewhere and installed
easily; and 5) the area beneath the building is still open and useable. The
building is purposefully meant to be as low tech as possible. Please don't
think this insulting, but I wish to provide an environment (the building)
that is just as useful without electricity, lights, pumps, microwaves,
clothes washers, elevators, etc. as with these items. The simpler the
technology, the more autonomy the residents have. Sufficiently
changing the environment (i.e. adding buildings described below) could make
the formation of slums difficult or impossible in some areas. We are doing something
similar in the United States with our interstate medians by installing
ditches or cables to make crossing into oncoming traffic as difficult as
possible. While this structure is certainly not the only environmental change
that could reduce slums, it is a start.
Figure
1. 1/5th
suspended between the two domes. Notes: Cables not shown; ground level
"floor" shown but not intended for finished building. Superstructure I'm
using two nested hemispherical geodesic domes. The outer one is 300 meters in
diameter, and the inner one is 180 meters in diameter. The total structure
would be 150 meters tall and covers 7 hectares. This is slightly taller than
the Great Pyramid of Giza (built ~2560 BCE) which stands 138 m tall and this
would cover slightly more area than Monk's Mound (built ~900-950 CE) which
has a base of ~5-6 hectares. Geodesic
domes are light weight, efficient in design, earthquake and hurricane
resistant, can be manufactured using a minimum of components, to exacting
quality, and can be assembled quickly and safely. Hypothetically little to no
ground preparation would be needed before the building was installed. Most
people use geodesic domes as nothing more than a fancy roof. However, if the
dome were used as a superstructure the floors, ceilings, and walls could be
supported with cables. This would greatly reduce the amount of load bearing
material required. Lots
of people whine that domes have a lot of wasted space. So what? Here we are
concerned with a usable area to materials ratio, not a useable area to
non-useable area ratio. If by using a dome materials per square meter of
useable area are ultimately less than other designs, then I have saved
materials and money.
Figure
2. View of a residential
side of the building. The first floor off the ground is the 2nd
floor. Floors 2-9 are inhabited. The ultimate roof of the building is left
open for water storage, solar collection, additional gardens, etc.
There
are nine floors (2-10) above the ground level (considered floor 1). Each
extends from the outer dome across to the inner dome about 60 meters away and
each floor is 12.2 meters from each other vertically. This design results in
a building with an open center and adequate light penetration and ventilation
for each floor. At noon no area of the building is more than about 30 meters
from direct light, yet all rooms are shaded. Nearly all areas within the
building will receive direct sunlight at some point throughout the day. To
reduce the complexity of the design, the layouts of floors 2-4, 5-6, and 7-8
are the same.
Figure
3. Top view of 1/5th
of the 3rd floor. The housing area is on the left and community area
is on the right. Structures are explained below. Triangles have a 3 meter
long base and a ~4.854 m side. For
the flooring tiles I am using are a radially tessellating pattern based on an
isosceles triangle. Obviously tessellations are best because they cover the
entire area and as repeating elements only add one basic unit to the overall
design. I set the odd end at 36 which ultimately produces a giant decagon (36
x 10 = 360). Certainly I could change that angle to anything evenly divisible
by 360, but 10 sides seemed like a happy medium between too many sides (short
streets), and not enough (wasted arches). The
triangle base is set at 3 meters and the other sides are ~4.854 meters long.
Two triangles set side by side make a parallelogram of 13.85 square meters.
Figure
4. House. Each home is
three stories tall with an accessible roof.
Because
we can build from the stable ceiling down to the floor there is no need for
load bearing structure, other than cables. These drop from the ceiling to the
floor and walls and subfloors are connected to them. The walls could be made
of nearly anything, but preferably they would be a multilayer mesh that would
be fire proof, mold proof, easily cleanable, durable, sound dampening, and
offer security (i.e. woven cable). These could be shipped in rolls, replaced
quickly and easily, etc. In this rough draft I cut large windows at the top
all the way around. Material that would obstruct views and sound, but would
let light and air through could be used to cover these openings.
The
floor plan of each house is based on a two triangle parallelogram (13.85 m2)
and each house is three stories tall. This results in a total enclosed
household area of 41.5 m2. Ceiling height is about 2.5 meters. A cabled
ladder with wide steps would be placed in each house to allow access to the
upper rooms. Each floor tile could be composed of the same component as the
base floor tiles, however a new component would have to be designed with a
hole for the climber. Access to the top of the house would allow for
additional space for other uses such as drying laundry, etc. This leaves ~4.5
meters above each house for light and ventilation.
LED
lights and electrical outlets should be incorporated into each housing unit.
As of this rough draft housing units do not have plumbing or cooking
facilities. To learn more about those see below.
Houses
are situated back to back and are arranged in long blocks. Each block is
separated by a street the width of the triangle bases (~4.8 m). Housing area
occupies of the area of every floor. In this rough draft there would be 5055
housing units. If each unit housed an average family of 4 the entire dome
would accommodate 20,220 people. The operational definition of a slum (see
table 1.2) gives example overcrowding figures of more than 2 people per room,
or less than 5 m2 floor area per person. At two people per room (6 per house)
the dome could house 30,330 people. At 5 m2 floor area per person (8 per
house) the dome could house 40,440 people. As will be discussed below, the
structure offers a greater control on how many people inhabit a given area.
Ideally only 20,000 people would inhabit the structure, but 30,000 may be a
more realistic estimate. Each
house would have an address and a deed. Depending on the cost, residents
would rent or buy houses. These could be treated just like conventional homes
in the suburbs. The resident would not own the material of the floor or
ceiling but would own the house and have rights to the area between. If a
resident wished to take their home down and move away, fine, now they have an
empty lot. Someone could buy or rent that lot, buy or rent a home and put it
up. "Building codes" would be enacted and enforced to maintain a
safe and hygienic neighborhood. The
entire structure is more like a small city, rather than just an apartment
building. Each floor would have five neighborhoods centered on the
non-residential areas. The structure itself would support an internal economy
of residents which provide products and services to other residents.
Figure
5. Bathrooms. Shown here without fixtures,
etc. Bathrooms The
bathrooms would consist of a combination of pour-flush latrine and shower.
Each stall is ~1.4 m deep and wide. Bathrooms are clustered in back to back
blocks and are located toward the inner portion of the structure. Each
floor's bathroom facilities are located above the other reducing the amount
of pipes needed and ensuring that any leaking or flooding would be kept apart
from food preparation, residential, or garden areas.
A
communal bathroom area greatly reduces the material needed for proper
sanitation, the likelihood of a leak, and the chances of contamination within
the structure. There are 2,700 bathroom stalls in the structure. Based on a
population of 30,000 residents there is one stall for every 11 people, or an
average of 2 hours 10 minutes bathroom use per person per day.
Charging
to use the bathroom might pressure people into unhygienic actions, otherwise
you could rent/sell stalls to custodians that collect money from users and
clean the stall after every use. Perhaps the best thing would be to
incorporate a bathroom use fee into rent or resident maintenance fees, offer
the bathrooms free of charge, and hire several custodians to clean the
bathrooms.
Figure
6. Potable water station (cartoon
placeholder). Each extended circle could have 1-3 nozzles to accommodate a
number people who need to fill containers. Clean Water This
rough draft has 1600 outlets for clean water. That is one outlet for about
every 19 people (population 30,000), or about 1 hour 10 minutes of time at an
outlet per person per day. A certain number of outlets could be leased or
sold to people who would provide a water distribution service, which might be
as simple as having a washed prefilled container waiting for a customer who
arrives, or could include home delivery. Other outlets would be available for
free to those that would fill their own containers.
If
the structure is in a sufficiently warm and sunny location solar distillation
could be used to supply great quantities of clean water to the top of the
structure. A closed container at the ground level is filled with water and
allowed to warm in the sun. The water which evaporates travels up a pipe
attached to the side of the building. Every, say, meter, the pipe has a bend,
coil, or inverted funnel which catches the water that has settled out and
prevents it from falling back to the bottom. This water is heated by the sun
again, evaporates, and travels up to another catch point. Finally the now
distilled water settles out into a large basin located at the top of the
structure, where it can be gravity fed back to the residents below.
Treatment
and movement of water will be one of the most important and challenging
aspects of the structure. Through not shown in this rough draft, three water
systems would probably be present: potable water for drinking and cooking,
"grey water" collected from rain or streams would be used for
watering gardens and washing clothes and "black water" which
contains wastes such as urine and feces.
Figure
7. Wash area. Water would
enter from the near end and drain at the far end. The indentions allow for
many people to use this area at the same time. Wash area Near
the bathrooms are the wash basins. These are raised basins that could be used
for washing clothes, sheets, dishes, etc. Water would flow from one end of
the basin and drain at the other. Water used in the wash basins would not
necessarily have to be drinkable, but should be treated sufficiently. Each
basin would accommodate about 10 people and in the full structure 2050 people
could use the wash basins at any given time. There are certainly some
individuals that would earn money washing others items and stalls could be
rented/sold for this use. However, some basins should be left open for those
that wish to do their own washing.
In
some situations industrial clothes washing machines (which may be more water
efficient) could be installed and used. However we must make sure that
alternatives are available in the event of mechanical failure or power loss.
Figure
8. Cooking area. Each circle
represents a possible burner, but certainly some would be removed to make
space for food preparation areas, etc. Cooking A
common cooking area greatly reduces the materials needed for cooking. It also
increases safety by reducing the chance of fire and smoke inhalation. In this
rough draft I show 8 burners in a 1 x 3 m area and there are 11920 burners in
the building. For a population of 30,000 this would provide one burner for
every 2.5 people. Certainly room should be made for food preparation and some
cooking apparatuses may require more room (ovens, etc.). Realistically there
may only be a burner for every 4 people, or one per household.
Ideally
the cooking would be done with electricity, but in some instances gas may be
more appropriate. The safety/availability/reliability of a given energy
source would vary with region. Certainly, however, the cooking area must be
made in such a way as to allow the use of wood, cow dung, and/or other
non-technological fuel sources if the availability of other energy sources
were to cease. Conversely, where appropriate, microwaves should be made
available if these would ultimately reduce energy use. Several use agreements
could arise: all households are issued a private burner; burners are
rented/sold to residents who use them for personal food preparation or for
preparation of food to sell; a combination of the two, where all households
are issued rights to a burner but share with 2-3 other households and other
burners are rented/sold.
Figure
9. The Marketplace. Very simple stalls for
people to set up shop in. Market In
this rough draft market stalls are 3 m across the front, 1.6 m deep, and 2 m
tall. Certainly they could be made taller, multiple stalls combined, etc.
Many people may wish to sell products directly from the first floor of their
homes, but the markets would provide a secure area for people to store their
products, a source of revenue for the structure (through rent), and a better
social environment for the shop keepers.
Figure
10. The garden. A special
textured material would be placed in the bottom of garden plots to allow
water drainage. Soil, etc. would be filled as high as the sides. This could
take place over years if necessary. The stepping stones down the middle allow
the gardener access without need of a foot path. Garden The
outer perimeter of the structure is covered in garden plots. There are 3545
garden plots each with an area of 13.8 m2 resulting in a total of about
49,000 m2 or 4.9 hectares. The gardens are meant to serve several functions;
chief among these is food production, followed by providing green space, and
a buffer from sunlight and rain.
If
the crops yielded between 10 and 20 million calories per hectare, 4.9
hectares could provide about 49 to 98 million calories. On a diet of 2000
calories per day this would provide enough food to fully feed 67 to 134
people. Thus the gardens could fully sustain or significantly supplement the
dietary needs of 90 gardeners, or one gardener per side per floor. Rather
than growing general calorie crops (i.e. potatoes) it is more likely local
specialty crops would be grown for direct sale (i.e. vegetables, spices,
flowers, etc.).
While
not quantifiable, perhaps the most important aspect of the garden plots is educational
and aesthetic. Evidence shows that green space is important to a human's
wellbeing and normal functioning. People need the variety of leaf, stem and
flower shapes, the smell of dirt, flowers, dried stems, etc. Additionally the
diversity and beauty of insect and bird life associated with gardens is
important for children and adults. Even if the garden plots were left to fill
with volunteer plants it would be an enormous value to everyone.
Figure
11. Multipurpose building. The upper floors would be used for children's school,
while the lower floors could be used for adult classrooms, offices, clinics,
etc. The roof is accessible and could be used for meetings, ceremonies,
movies, etc. Multi-Purpose Buildings The
multi-purpose buildings on floors 2-8 each have 16 rooms that are 87 m2 in
floor area. The buildings on the 9th floor have 12 rooms each. There are 620
rooms in the entire structure. Room size and number could be increased or
decreased depending on necessity. The walls would be made of the same
material as the houses. The roof (696 m2) of each building is also available
for use, although not enclosed. Spiral staircases are used to get from ground
floor to the second floor and roof.
Area
in these buildings should first be allocated to schools both for children and
adults. If 25% of the population (7500 of 30,000 residents) were school aged
children and they were allocated 50% of the rooms, there would be ~24
children per room. Availability of education is not enough; hunger will win
the battle against education. Different approaches should be taken in
different locations to increase school attendance. One basic strategy would
be to provide at least two meals a day for students and pay them a daily wage
for attending class. Punishment for infractions would include fines or not
receiving wages. Any number of arguments could be made that a small
investment now would greatly pay off in the future.
If
half the rooms were given to classes, this leaves 8 rooms open in each
multi-purpose building (6 on the 9th floor). Several of these rooms
should be used for adult education such as vocational training and
apprenticeships. It would be expected that residents would ultimately fill
the roles of all the personnel associated with the building's maintenance and
operation. Therefore new plumbers, electricians, I.T. technicians, guards,
maintenance personnel, etc. would have to be trained.
At
least one clinic for basic medical services and first aid should be on each
floor. Certainly it is possible that a surgical grade hospital could be
installed on one of the lower floors, or perhaps as a separate building that
serves multiple dome buildings.
A
management or government will need to be put in place to oversee what happens
in the building and make sure that rules are followed. Possibly each floor or
neighborhood will need an office for their manager (mayor?). A daily
local newspaper for each floor would provide a valuable service to the
community. It would help to promote literacy and provide a sense of community
and empowerment. A print shop would employ people and teach writing and
technical skills. The whole operation wouldn't need to be anything more than
a laptop and a laser printer.
Figure
12. Main stair case. This is constructed from
the same triangles that are used to make the floor. Getting from floor to floor In
this rough draft there are 5 spiral staircases on each floor. The walking
distance from one floor to another is ~75 m. A person leaving the top floor
and walking all the way to the ground would travel about 657 meters, or the
length of 2.5 city blocks in Manhattan. Therefore, the average resident would
travel less than 337 meters to the ground, or 1.2 city blocks. With no
traffic, a resident should be able to go from the top of the building to the
bottom in less than 15 minutes.
Due
to the open and uncomplicated design of the base of the building, simple
structural designs could be used to keep out rats and other unwanted animals.
In this rough draft I haven't shown how people would get from the ground
floor to the second. Perhaps the best design would be another set of spiral
staircases, identical to those already in use. I anticipate that another
design would be better, and am leaving that to the future.
It
would be good to have 1 or 2 large service elevators to move materials and
people up into the structure. The type of elevator used would differ greatly
with the location of the building. Buildings near large cities would
certainly eventually receive conventional elevators, while buildings used for
refugees or in rural areas may not. Power (electricity, etc.) Changes
in technology and differences in locations make any generalizations about
power very difficult. Here are a few observations/ideas.
1.
If each person (pop. 30,000) received a continuous consumption of 500 watts
of electricity the entire structure would require 360 megawatts.
2.
Lighting of all the homes for 12 hours, based on two 23 watt compact
fluorescent bulbs in each of the three rooms, would require 8.4 megawatts.
Bringing one liter of water to a boil (for food, etc.) for each person would
require about 3 megawatts each day.
3.
Personal hand crank generators can produce about 50 watts of electricity.
These could be attached to weights which are dropped down the inside of the
structure. Cranking the generator one direction winds the weight up, then
releasing the weight (disengaging an internal clutch) allows the weight to
fall, which turns the crank and generates more energy.
4.
Where wind speeds are appropriate turbines could be installed. One hundred 10
kilowatt turbines could contribute 1 megawatt of electricity.
5.
If affixed to the top and sides, conventional solar cells could produce
several megawatts. The roof offers ~30,000 m2 area, which if completely
covered in solar cells could generate about 2 megawatts. This is an extreme
which would not be attempted, but certainly the building can handle as many
solar arrays as people could afford to put on it.
6.
Parabolic solar collectors would be used to cook and boil water, or be
modified to produce electricity.
7.
Biogas from sewage would be used to generate methane for immediate use in
cooking and heating, or electricity.
8.
If people are imaginative and willing, more than enough energy could be
produced around and within the building to provide the residents with a
relatively comfortable life. What's Missing? A
lot! If you noticed, I didn't include sinks, or any sort of fire safety
information! This is a rough draft, a sketch, a basic outline of a building. What would it cost? What
would it cost to design and build something like this? I don't know. I'm
pretty sure it would cost less than a Nimitz class aircraft carrier ($4.5
billion each- the USA has 10 of them). Certainly the design would cost
relatively little and could be privately funded by a wealthy individual.
Building a prototype would be more costly, but not beyond the ability of a
government, large company, or even an extremely wealthy individual. Smaller
buildings could easily be designed and built.
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